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Die Solarindustrie möchte, dass mehr Siliziumzellen zollfrei importiert werden

by Bluesun Solar Limited 15 Nov 2023 0 Comments

Einblicke aus der heutigen Zwischenanhörung zu den Zöllen nach Abschnitt 201

-Von Kelly Pickerel | 14. November 2023

Die US-amerikanische Internationale Handelskommission (USITC) hat heute eine Zwischenanhörung zu den Antidumpingzöllen nach Abschnitt 201 auf importierte kristalline Siliziumsolarzellen und -module (CSPV) abgehalten. Solarimporte werden seit 2018 mit Zöllen belegt, aber bei der heutigen Anhörung ging es um die neueste Runde, die von Präsident Joe Biden im Jahr 2022 eingeleitet wurde.

Traditionelle, monofaziale Solarmodule, die in das Land importiert werden, werden derzeit bis zum 6. Februar 2024 mit einem Zollsatz von 14,5% belegt. Der Satz soll bis zum Ende des Zeitraums am 6. Februar 2026 jährlich um 0,25% gesenkt werden (14,25% im Jahr 2024 und 14% im Jahr 2025). Bifaziale Solarmodule sind von den Zöllen ausgenommen. Die ersten 5 GW importierter Siliziumsolarzellen in die Vereinigten Staaten sind ebenfalls von allen Zöllen befreit.

Bei der heutigen Anhörung sollte geprüft werden, ob die Zölle ihr ursprüngliches Ziel erreichen, die heimische Herstellung von Solarmodulen zu unterstützen, indem verhindert wird, dass billige Solarmodule aus anderen Ländern auf den Markt geschwemmt werden.

Die Branchenadvocatengruppe SEIA nahm an der Anhörung teil, zusammen mit den US-amerikanischen Siliziumsolarzellen- und Modulherstellern Qcells, Canadian Solar, Silfab Solar, Heliene, Suniva und dem Dünnschichtmodulhersteller First Solar.

First Solar und Suniva erklärten, dass die Schutzmaßnahmen wie geplant funktionieren und baten um keine Änderungen. SEIA, Qcells, Canadian Solar, Silfab und Heliene forderten eine erhebliche Erhöhung des Zollkontingents (TRQ) für importierte Zellen.

Die Tarifdetails

Vieles hat sich seit der Einführung dieser vierjährigen Schutzmaßnahme nach Abschnitt 201 durch Präsident Biden im Februar 2022 geändert. Die Verlängerung wurde von den US-Herstellern Auxin Solar und Suniva sowie separat von Hanwha Qcells, LG Electronics und Mission Solar beantragt. Seitdem hat LG die Herstellung von Solarmodulen vollständig eingestellt. Auxin Solar ist seit dem Gewinn seiner Petition für Antidumping- und Ausgleichszölle (AD/CVD) ruhig geblieben. Qcells baut eine Fabrik für Ingots/Wafer/Zellen/Module in Georgia, Mission Solar erweitert seine Panel-Fabrik in Texas und Suniva nimmt endlich wieder die eigene Solarzellenfertigung in Georgia auf – alle profitieren von den im Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) angebotenen Krediten.

Der IRA wurde im August 2022, nur sechs Monate nach der Verlängerung der Zölle nach Abschnitt 201, verabschiedet und bietet sowohl Solarinstallateuren als auch Herstellern erhebliche Anreize. Immer mehr Hersteller in der Lieferkette der Solarmodule errichten Produktionsstätten in den USA, um die wachsende Inlandsnachfrage zu decken und günstige Steuererleichterungen zu nutzen. Ein Argument der Branche ist, ob die Zollabgaben auf importierte Solarzellen und -module nach Abschnitt 201 noch notwendig sind, um den US-Herstellungsmarkt zu „stützen“, nachdem er durch den IRA einen solchen Schub erhalten hat.

Siehe unsere Liste der US-Solarhersteller hier.

Qcells wiederholte in seiner Erklärung an die US-ITC, dass sich die heimische Solarmodulindustrie direkt in Folge der Zölle nach Abschnitt 201 verbessert und dass die Schutzmaßnahmen „Arbeitsplätze gerettet und geschaffen sowie beispiellose Investitionen in die heimische Solarherstellung angekurbelt haben“. Der größte Silizium-Solarmodulhersteller des Landes räumte jedoch ein, dass die Verfügbarkeit von zollfreien Zellen bald nicht mehr ausreichen wird, um den Bedarf des erweiterten US-Herstellungsmarktes zu decken. Während das 5-GW-Kontingent vor der Verabschiedung des IRA ausreichend war, erfordert der Anstieg der Modulfabriken in den USA nun ein größeres TRQ.

Im Jahr 2022 wurden nur 2.597 MW Solarzellen importiert, was weit unter der Obergrenze von 5 GW liegt. Qcells führt dies darauf zurück, dass Fabriken erweitert oder neu gebaut werden und LG seine Pforten schließt. „Angesichts der Anzahl neuer Investitionen in die Modulherstellung, die angekündigt werden, und ihrer erheblichen Produktionskapazität wird das TRQ voraussichtlich seine 5-GW-Grenze vor oder kurz nach der Neuberechnung des TRQ im Februar 2024 überschreiten“, so Qcells. Infolgedessen fordert das Unternehmen eine Erhöhung des TRQ auf mindestens 20 GW.

Canadian Solar, Silfab und Heliene, die gemeinsam aussagten, forderten ebenfalls eine Erhöhung des TRQ auf 20 GW oder die vollständige Abschaffung der Zölle auf importierte Zellen. Das Trio erklärte, dass das TRQ „keinen Zweck hat“.

„Es gibt keinen politischen Grund für die Regierung, einen Schutzzoll auf US-Modulhersteller zu erheben. Dieser Zoll wird nur dazu dienen, die Kosten für die US-Solarherstellung zu erhöhen und die Einführung der US-Modulherstellung möglicherweise zu verzögern“, so die drei Unternehmen.

SEIA schlug keine konkrete Zahl vor, bat aber darum, das TRQ „erheblich“ zu erhöhen.

„Schutzmaßnahmen sollen ‚die Bemühungen der heimischen Industrie um eine positive Anpassung an den Importwettbewerb erleichtern und größere wirtschaftliche und soziale Vorteile als Kosten bringen‘“, so SEIA. „Die aktuelle Realität ist, dass die US-CSPV-Industrie eine Modulindustrie ist. Damit die Industrie wachsen kann, braucht sie Zugang zu Zellen, die importiert werden müssen. Die Auferlegung von Beschränkungen und zusätzlichen Kosten für den wichtigsten Input für die US-Industrie widerspricht den Zielen des Schutzgesetzes, anstatt sie zu unterstützen.“

Auf der anderen Seite ist First Solar nicht erfreut über die Freistellung von bifacialen Modulen von den Zöllen, erklärte aber, dass „die Schutzmaßnahme ihren beabsichtigten Zweck erfüllt, die Bemühungen der heimischen Industrie um eine positive Anpassung an den import competition.“ Die Dünnschicht-Solarmodule von First Solar fallen nicht unter die Schutzmaßnahme.

Suniva, das seit über sechs Jahren kein Produkt mehr herstellt, befürwortet ebenfalls die Beibehaltung der Zölle nach Abschnitt 201 in unveränderter Form. Das Unternehmen ist der Ansicht, dass das 5-GW-TRQ für importierte Solarzellen ausreichend ist, da Suniva bisher der einzige US-Zellhersteller ist, der nicht auch seine eigenen Module herstellt und ab April 2024 potenziell Produkte zum Verkauf anbieten wird. Eine Erhöhung des TRQ würde das Geschäft von Suniva nicht begünstigen.

„Es ist zwingend erforderlich, dass das TRQ für CSPV-Zellen nicht weiter erhöht wird, damit die Vereinigten Staaten nicht für immer von ausländischen Quellen für das Herzstück von Solarmodulen abhängig sind“, so Suniva.

Nächste Schritte

Anhand der letzten Runde wird die US-ITC im Februar 2024 einen offiziellen Zwischenbericht über die Zölle veröffentlichen. Der Bericht wird an den Präsidenten und den Kongress geschickt. Nur der Präsident kann rechtliche Änderungen an den laufenden Zöllen vornehmen.

Im Februar 2020 stellte die US-ITC in ihrem Zwischenbericht an Präsident Donald Trump nur fest, dass die Branche gemischte Ergebnisse der Zölle nach Abschnitt 201 erzielt hatte. Neun Monate später beschloss der Präsident, den Zollsatz zu erhöhen und die Befreiung von bifacialen Modulen aufzuheben.

Referenz:https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/11/solar-industry-wants-more-silicon-cells-to-be-imported-duty-free/

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